Simcoe Hall stairs, south side.
 The Problem:
Moisture in masonry causes two common problems, efflorescence and spalling. Efflorescence is unsightly salt deposits left by water evaporating from the surface of the brick. Spalling is much more destructive than efflorescence, it occurs when salt is deposited inside the brick; as the water evaporates and the salt crystallises beneath the surface, the expansive pressure can 'pop' off the face of the brick. This is particularly evident in older buildings where the outer portions of the brick are much stronger than the softer inside due to uneven firing methods.

The Causes:
Three ways in which moisture gets into the brick are:
  1. CAPILLARY ACTION - Moisture wicks up from the ground or through the foundations.
  2. VAPOUR FLOW - Water vapour travels through walls and condenses when it reaches its dew point.
  3. RAIN WETTING - Water splashes up onto the wall after striking the concrete stairs
Possible Solutions
  1. Control rain wetting with larger overhangs.
  2. Ensure air barrier is in tact to reduce the potential for condensation inside the walls.
  3. Damp proofing of exterior foundation walls. (This is not practical here)
  4. Apply a sacrificial permeable stucco coating to the brick. This coating would require frequent repair and maintenance.